Yang L, et al. - During this trial, the levels and sources of chemokines were evaluated, in the serum and epidermis of vitiligo patients. The findings inferred that the CCR5/CCL5 and CXCR3/CXCL10 axes could play a crucial role in the progression and maintenance of vitiligo. It was also determined that the keratinocytes stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ could present as a primary source of CCL5 and CXCL10.