Rueda-Ochoa OL, et al. - This is the first investigation into risk factors related to changes over time (11 years) in continuous left ventricular diastolic function (LVDF) parameters in community-dwelling women and men. From the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study, 870 women and 630 men (age 67±3 years) were followed-up for 11 years and during this time period, participants underwent echocardiography three times. A linear-mixed effect model was used to correlate changes in six continuous LVDF parameters to cardiovascular risk factors. Findings revealed greater harmful associations of smoking in women and metabolic factors (diabetes mellitus and body mass index), and among men, with longitudinal changes in LVDF parameters. Mainly women displayed the favorable association of HDL.