George JA, Brandenburg JT, Fabian J, et al. - In this cross-sectional population study of unrelated adult people aged 40–60 years from four rural community research sites (Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Navrongo, Ghana; Agincourt and Dikgale, South Africa), and two urban community research sites (Nairobi, Kenya; and Soweto, South Africa), experts examined the predominance of markers for kidney damage and known risk factors in rural and urban settings in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 10,702 individuals, of whom 8,110 were analyzable were recruited. It was found out that regional variations in predominance and chronic kidney disease risks in sub-Saharan Africa correlate in part to differing stages of sociodemographic and epidemiological health transitions across the area. Thus, for screening, prevention, and risk factor management in the broader non-communicable disease and infectious diseases framework, public health policy should concentrate on integrated approaches.