Elvstam O, et al. - Longitudinal levels of plasma markers associated with inflammation, altered coagulation and cardiovascular disease were examined in Swedish HIV-positive adults in relation to low-level viraemia (LLV) or permanent virological suppression during long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among 34 individuals with LLV (viral load 50–999 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) vs matched controls with persistent virological suppression, researchers observed significantly higher levels of growth differentiation factor 15 [geometric mean 3,416 (95% confidence interval (CI) 804–14,516) pg/mL vs 2,002 (95% CI 355–11,295) pg/mL in controls] and D-dimer [mean 1,114 (95% CI 125–9,917) ng/mL vs 756 (95% CI 157–3,626) ng/mL] after adjustment for age, CD4 count nadir and type of ART. Based on the findings, they suggest a possible association between LLV and cardiovascular outcomes.