Hecht EM, et al. – Given the established interrelationships between cadmium biomarker levels, smoking, and myocardial infarction and stroke, researchers explored the interrelationships of blood cadmium levels, smoking, and angina. They analyzed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2014), accounting for the multi-staged complex sampling design. The study sample consisted of 14,832 participants aged 40–79 years with blood cadmium levels but without a history of myocardial infarction and/or stroke. Of these patients, positive composite angina was observed in 741. Findings further supported the premise of interrelationships between smoking, cadmium, and angina.