Kiehl EL, et al. – The physicians undertook this study to analyze the incidence and predictors of late atrioventricular (AV) conduction recovery among patients requiring permanent pacemaker (PPM) after cardiac surgery. They observed that late AV conduction recovery was not uncommon after cardiac surgery, occurring in 1 of 8 patients within 6 months post–operatively. Pre–operative AV conduction abnormalities were associated with decreased recovery. However, female sex and transient post–operative AV conduction were associated with increased recovery.