Radford A, et al. - Investigators examined 29 candidates to evaluate immunohistochemically-detected nuclear hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the urothelium markers of hypoxia exposure. They observed median nuclear HIF-1α labeling in controls, 29.98 ± 3.10 (SD) and in neuropathic samples, 74.29 ± 7.55 (SD). Intense HIF-1α was observed in the urothelial compartment from neuropathic bladder samples (n = 15) as compared to control tissues, including non –obstructed samples. They suggested urothelial nuclear HIF-1α as a biomarker of hypoxia in end-stage bladder disease correlated with high-pressure systems.