Chiavenna C, et al. - Using surveillance data from England from 2009 to 2017, researchers quantified the degree of interaction between the influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae in seasonal and pandemic settings by proposing a novel multivariate age-stratified modelling framework. Over 9 years, a total of 62,679 influenza-like illness consultations within the sentinel scheme and 45,601 invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cases across the country were notified. The estimates recommended that a pandemic wave of influenza A/H1N1 with similar severity to the 2009 pandemic may have a modest IPD-related effect on school-age kids and adults and a tiny to negligible effect on infants and elderly people. Instead, in older population groups, the seasonal impact of other viruses like respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus was more important.