Sacktor N, et al. - Given that HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) stage improved with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the US where subtype B predominates, researchers undertook a community-based cohort study of participants in Rakai, Uganda examining the impact of ART and subtype on HAND stage in individuals with subtypes D and A. At 2-year follow-up of 399 initially ART-naive HIV-seropositive (HIV+) individuals, 312 HIV+ individuals on ART (n = 312) showed reduction in HIV-associated dementia (HAD) frequency from 13% to 5% (P < 0.001); there was no change in the overall frequency of HAND (56%-51%). HAD could be greatly reduced by following the current guideline of immediate ART initiation after HIV diagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa. Higher rates of impaired cognition (global deficit score ≥ 0.5) were seen in Subtype D vs subtype A among HIV+ individuals.