Zamaratskaia G, et al. - Considering the observation that rye consumption reduced the initial tumor growth in animal models and decreased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in humans indicating its beneficial effects on prostate cancer tumors, researchers evaluated the effects of whole grain/bran rye consumption on low-grade inflammation and endothelial function biomarkers in men with prostate cancer. In a randomized crossover design, they offered 17 men with untreated, low-grade prostate cancer to consume 485 g rye whole grain and bran products (RP) per day or refined wheat products with added cellulose (WP). RP diet led to a reduction in tumor nuclear factor-receptor 2 (TNF-R2), e-selectin, and endostatin compared with WP in addition to a reduction in PSA in these men. They observed no effect of the intervention in 92 inflammation-related protein biomarkers measured in a proximity extension assay.