Hospodar AR, et al. - Researchers used a Markov state-transition model to quantify lifetime costs in $US and stroke-preventing effectiveness in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) for the six treatments compared in this study viz, edoxaban 60 mg, apixaban 5 mg, dabigatran 150 mg, dabigatran 110 mg, rivaroxaban 20 mg, and well-managed warfarin with a time in therapeutic range (TTR) of 70% among patients with atrial fibrillation at high risk of bleeding. The analysis was re-run for two other estimates of TTR: 65 and 75%. The comparative cost effectiveness of edoxaban and warfarin was found to be highly sensitive to TTR. At the $US100,000/QALY willingness-to-pay threshold, findings showed that warfarin was the most cost-effective treatment for patients who could achieve a TTR of 70%.