Schutz C, Barr D, Andrade BB, et al. - Adult patients (n = 682) with HIV hospitalized with a new diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis were recruited in Cape Town between 2014 and 2016 by the researchers in order to evaluate clinical and microbiologic determinants of mortality and to identify the pathophysiological processes underlying death by assessing host soluble inflammatory mediators and ascertained the association between these mediators and death as well as biomarkers of disseminated tuberculosis. Nearly 22% of patients died within 12 weeks, and those who had a larger number of positive measures for tuberculosis dissemination were more prone to die. An immune profile identified by raised markers of the innate immune response and proteins that attract innate cells to tissue was correlated with mortality, and this profile was also related to more disseminated tuberculosis. Hence, a principal contribution from coinfections to these deaths could not be discovered. Disseminated tuberculosis, sepsis syndrome, and rifampicin resistance were correlated with mortality. An immune profile controlled by mediators of the innate immune system and chemotactic signaling was related to both tuberculosis dissemination and mortality. Moreover, these conclusions presented pathophysiologic insights into underlying causes of mortality and could be utilized to inform the development of novel treatment strategies and to develop methods to risk-stratify individuals to properly target novel interventions. However, causal relationships cannot be built from this study.