Shaikh N, Martin JM, Hoberman A, et al. - Given the suboptimal specificity of the leukocyte esterase test (87%), researchers performed this prospective cross-sectional study to investigate more specific screening examinations that could decrease the number of children who unnecessarily take antimicrobials to treat a presumed urinary tract infection (UTI). They used blood and urine samples obtained at the time of a presumptive diagnosis of UTI, and in these samples, they compared inflammatory proteins. They also assessed serum RNA expression in a subset. They noted that a combination of four urinary markers (IL-2, IL-9, IL-8, and NGAL) afforded a predictive power (as measured by the area under the curve) of 0.94. The possible usefulness of urinary proteins implicated in the inflammatory response was suggested for recognizing children with false positive results with current screening tests for UTI; this may decrease unnecessary treatment.