Yang B, et al. - In a nested case-control study (224 liver cancer cases and 224 matched controls) in a large cohort of Finnish male smokers followed from baseline (1985-1988) to 2014, researchers assessed the associations between a panel of biomarkers for bacterial translocation and the risk of liver cancer. Immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG, and IgM against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin, soluble CD14 (an LPS co-receptor), and the LPS-binding protein were the included biomarkers. Anti-flagellin IgA and anti-LPS IgA 2.44, were noted to be significantly associated with risk of liver cancer. This suggests that gut-derived bacterial translocation into circulation may play a role in the development of primary liver cancer.