Ramkumar S, Ochi A, Yang H, et al. - Community-based individuals aged ≥ 65 years with atrial fibrillation (AF, is related to stroke, heart failure, progressed all-cause mortality and large financial cost) risk factors (n = 379) were investigated in order to examine whether indices of advantage/disadvantage (IAD), index of education/occupation (IEO) and index of economic resources were related to incident AF, irrespective of risk factors and cardiac function. Individuals with AF (n = 50) were more inclined to be male with a greater CHARGE-AF score. A greater risk of incident AF irrespective of left ventricular (LV) function and CHARGE-AF score was noted in areas with lower socioeconomic status (IAD and IEO). Hence, irrespective of LV function and clinical risk, regional socioeconomic status was correlated with the risk of incident AF. Moreover, this relationship might allow superior regional targeting of prevention.